85:T4fa,»Förändringskraften i Kommunistiska manifestet har bara överträffats av Bibeln. Som litteratur är det ett mästerverk.« | The Guardian

Kommunistiska manifestet hör till de politiska pamfletternas mästerverk. Karl Marx och Friedrich Engels förutsåg historiska händelser, såsom mekaniserad massproduktion. När manifestet skrevs 1847 talade de med självklarhet utifrån denna beskrivna utveckling - med en alldeles magnifik retorik.
Ingen politisk text har engagerat och inspirerat så många, så länge, som Kommunistiska manifestet. Den 21 februari 2018 fyller verket jämnt, 170 år. Då gör Modernista det åter tillgängligt på svenska.

KARL MARX [1818-1883], född i Trier, Preussen, var en tysk sociolog, nationalekonom, filosof och historiker. Marx räknas till grundarna av sociologin och är arbetarrörelsens mest inflytelserike tänkare. Upphovsman till den ekonomiska och revolutionära teori som kom att kallas marxism.

FRIEDRICH ENGELS [1820-1895], född i Barmen, Preussen, var en tysk affärsman, sociolog, filosof och journalist. Som politisk tänkare, tillsammans med Karl Marx, grundare av den revolutionära teori som kom att kallas marxism.86:T8aa,

I dag möter vi en pågående global industrialisering utan motstycke i mänsklighetens historia, med åtföljande urbanisering, modernisering och övergång till kapitalistisk penningekonomi runt om i världen. De nya sociala och kulturella förhållandena globalt, och löntagarnas nya ställning och situation globalt, har dock påtagliga likheter med situationen i Europa under den framträngande industrialiseringen vid mitten av 1800-talet. Där och då författade Karl Marx sitt huvudarbete Das Kapital, ett av de mest betydande verken i samhällsvetenskapens och den politiska idédebattens historia. Marx teori om kapitalismen som en historieförändrande och samhällsomformande institutionell struktur och dess tillhörande sociala relationer, där kapitalets vinstmotiv är den centrala drivkraften, har därmed fått en förnyad och paradoxal aktualitet.

I sin reviderade inledning till denna sjunde upplaga av Kapitalets första bok ger statsvetaren Mats Lindberg en introduktion till verket och till Marx teori, en vidareutveckling av resonemangen i hans inflytelserika doktorsavhandling och studiehandledning Att studera Kapitalet.

I samband med återutgivningen av Ivan Bohmans översättning av första boken 2013 gav Arkiv förlag även ut en ny utgåva av Att studera Kapitalet. Den innehåller förklaringar till Marx begrepp kapitel för kapitel, samt flera hundra kommentarer till och korrigeringar av översättningen. Missa inte heller vårt Supplement till första boken där Mats Lindberg i detalj redogör för problemen med att översätta de centrala begreppen i Kapitalet.

"En gång var Kapitalet sin tids främsta sammanfattande berättelse om moderniteten, kapitalismen och lönarbetet. Jag skulle vilja ställa frågan om Kapitalet i dag, trots all vår samhällsvetenskapliga teoriutveckling och alla våra framsteg i olika samhällsvetenskapliga discipliner, fortfarande kanske är den mest heltäckande teorin om den moderna människans motsägelsefulla och institutionellt inbäddade livsvillkor." Ur Mats Lindbergs inledning (inledningen finns även tillgänglig som särtryck)

87:T528,När Karl Marx under vintern 1857-58 skrev Grunddragen i kritiken av den politiska ekonomin eller Grundrisse, som boken har kommit att bli bekant som även utanför Tyskland betraktade han den som den första vetenskapliga utläggningen av den kommunistiska teorin. Detta centrala verk vidareutvecklar de argument som framfördes i Kommunistiska manifestet från 1848, samtidigt som det utforskar flera av de teman och teser som senare skulle komma att utgöra stommen i Kapitalet. Här presenterar Marx för första gången sin egen tolkning av Hegels dialektik och utarbetar sina idéer om bland annat arbete, mervärde och profit. Men Grundrisse utgör inte bara en viktig föregångare till Kapitalet utan erbjuder också värdefulla insikter i Marx bredare filosofi. Genom sin nära sammanlänkning av teori och praktik ger Grundrisse en ovärderlig inblick i de förväntningar och förhoppningar som Marx knöt till det kommunistiska projektet. Och vilken är situationen för Grundrisse idag, ett årtionde in på det nya seklet? Det beror på oss själva där vi lever i skuggan av en stor ekonomisk kris, en hotande naturkatastrof och en växande främlingsfientlighet. En sak är säker: aldrig kommer vi själva nerven i Marx arbete så nära som just i Grundrisse. ur Sven-Eric Liedmans nyskrivna förord.88:T68a,Det som är säkert är att jag inte är marxist, utbrast Karl Marx mot slutet av sitt liv när han ställdes inför somliga av sina anhängares tolkningar av hans skrifter.
Och än värre blev det. I de forna socialistiska staterna stelnade Marx teorier till statsbärande religion. Och bland hans fiender av olika schatteringar dödförklarades han oupphörligt.
Men Karl Marx går igen som så många gånger förr. Befriad från sin ställning som ofelbar lärofader kan han läsas på nytt. Nya generationer kan upptäcka att hans analyser av kapitalismen och dess logik fortfarande har brännande aktualitet.
För första gången på trettio år presenteras nu ett brett urval med Marx egna texter på svenska, flera inte tidigare översatta. Det är utdrag ur såväl kända som okända arbeten.
Volymen, som är kronologiskt upplagd, innehåller skrifter, brev och utkast från ungdomsårens sökande efter en egen världsbild, över de dramatiska åren kring 1848 med Kommunistiska manifestet, revolutionära drömmar och bitter besvikelse, till de många forskaråren i exil då han oförtrutet strävade efter att förstå och blottlägga det kapitalistiska samhällets lagar och bestånds-delar.
Här görs Karl Marx egna ord nu tillgängliga för nya skaror. Samtidigt kan de som redan tycker sig kunna sin Marx upptäcka nya sidor hos denne outtröttligt nyfikne 1800-talstänkare.
REDAKTÖRER: Sven-Eric Liedman är professor i idéhistoria i Göteborg. Han har givit ut en rad böcker, senast Att se sig själv i andra (2000) och Ett oändligt äventyr (2001).
Björn Linnell är litteraturhistoriker, kritiker och journalist.
89:Te12,Förord Denna utgåva innehåller två texter av Karl Marx, Lönearbete och kapital och Lön, pris och profit. Dessa texter brukar oftast utges i form av separata häften, men kan lika gärna utges i en och samma bok, eftersom Marx tänkande bildar en kontinuitet. I Lönearbete och kapital, som bygger på en serie föredrag som Marx höll i den tyska arbetarföreningen i Bryssel 1847, har Marx visserligen ännu inte fullkomnat sin ekonomiska analys och begreppsapparat. Det är därför som Friedrich Engels i utgåvan från 1891 genomförde vissa korrigeringar av begreppsapparaten för att bringa den mer i överensstämmelse med den mogne Marx ekonomiska teorier. De huvudfrågor som behandlas i denna text är fenomen och begrepp som arbete, arbetskraft och hur arbetskraften fungerar som vara. Arbetsvärdesteorin, som skiljer på arbete och arbetskraft, introduceras. Marx definierar begreppet vara och diskuterar hur tillgång och efterfråga kan påverka vissa varors prissättning. Marx avrundar sin text genom att visa att kapitalets enda syfte – och därmed kapitalisternas – är att förmera sig självt, vilket i sin förlängning leder till en proletarisering och ständigt återkommande kriser, i grund och botten olösliga inom systemet. Lönearbete och kapital kan betraktas som en förstudie till Kapitalet, hållen i en enkel och lättfattlig form. Det är ingen tillfällighet att skriften har översatts till många språk och fått stor spridning. Lön, pris och profit bygger på en serie föredrag som Karl Marx höll inför Workingmen´s International Association 1865, det vill säga året före publiceringen av Kapitalet. Skriften gavs ut av hans dotter Eleanor Marx Aveling 1898. Lön, pris och profit är framför allt en polemik riktad mot John Weston. Denne hade nämligen hävdat att en allmän höjning av arbetarnas löner alltid skulle ätas upp av prisstegringar och att fackföreningar, som bedrev lönekamp, därför till och med var skadliga. Detta argument används – märk väl! – än idag från borgerligt håll. I sin polemik visar Marx att kapitalisterna inte kan höja eller sänka priserna efter sitt eget gottfinnande utan att varorna säljs utifrån deras naturliga värde, som beror på det däri nedlagda arbetet och som dessutom är samhälleligt betingat. Mervärdet uppkommer genom att arbetarens lön endast motsvarar en del av arbetsdagen, den så kallade nödvändiga arbetstiden – resten är merarbetstid, som utgör grunden för profiten. Profiten och lönerna står i ett bestämt förhållande till varandra: Ju större löneandel, desto lägre profitandel och omvänt. Marx påvisar att arbetarna, trots att de är utlämnade åt varuprisernas svängningar och de cykliska kriserna, ändå kan och bör bedriva lönekamp. Kapitalisterna strävar nämligen alltid efter att hålla nere löneandelen. Marx skriver: ”Om de fegt gåve efter i sin dagliga konflikt med kapitalet, så skulle de sätta sig ur stånd att sätta igång en rörelse av större mått.” Samtidigt måste arbetarna och fackföreningarna vara medvetna om att det inte räcker med att bedriva lönekamp inom det kapitalistiska systemets ram: ”I stället för den konservativa parollen: ’En skäl arbetslön för en skälig arbetsdag’ borde de skriva på sin fana den revolutionära parollen: ’Lönesystemets avskaffande’. Målet för fackföreningarna, enligt Marx, måste vara att använda sina organiserade krafter för att befria arbetarklassen och slutgiltigt avskaffa löneslaveriet och kapitalismen. Oktoberförlagets redaktionskommitté8a:T7cd,

From the moment when labour can no longer be converted into capital, money, or rent

Emeğin artık sermayeye, paraya ya da ranta d n şt r lemediği andan itibaren

when labour can no longer be converted into a social power capable of being monopolised

Emeğin artık tekelleştirilebilecek bir toplumsal g ce d n şt r lemediği zaman

from the moment when individual property can no longer be transformed into Bourgeoisie property

bireysel m lkiyetin artık burjuva m lkiyetine d n şt r lemediği andan itibaren

from the moment when individual property can no longer be transformed into capital

bireysel m lkiyetin artık sermayeye d n şt r lemediği andan itibaren

from that moment, you say individuality vanishes

O andan itibaren bireyselliğin yok olduğunu s yl yorsunuz

You must, therefore, confess that by "individual" you mean no other person than the Bourgeoisie

Bu nedenle, "birey" derken burjuvaziden başka bir kişiyi kastetmediğinizi itiraf etmelisiniz

you must confess it specifically refers to the middle-class owner of property

İtiraf etmelisiniz ki, zellikle orta sınıf m lk sahibine atıfta bulunur

This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way, and made impossible

Bu kişi ger ekten de yoldan ekilmeli ve imkansız hale getirilmelidir

Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society

Kom nizm, hi kimseyi toplumun r nlerine el koyma g c nden mahrum etmez

all that Communism does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labour of others by means of such appropriation

Kom nizmin yaptığı tek şey, onu, b yle bir temell k yoluyla başkalarının emeğine boyun eğdirme g c nden mahrum etmektir

8b:T6c5,Karl Marx huvudarbete "Das Kapital" är ett av de mest betydande verken i samhällsvetenskapens och den politiska idédebattens historia och helt centralt för vår förståelse av det moderna, kapitalistiska samhället. "Kapitalets" första bok, "Kapitalets produktionsprocess", är den mest kända och lästa delen. Men första boken vilar på och förutsätter de teorem som formuleras i andra och tredje boken, särskilt vad gäller kapitalismens återkommande kriser.
Andra boken, "Kapitalets cirkulationsprocess", tar som namnet antyder sin utgångspunkt i cirkulationen av kapital i dess olika former snarare än i produktionen. Marx lyfter här blicken från fabriksgolvet mot kapitalismen som makroekonomiskt system och dess jämviktsbetingelser, vilket ger ett annat perspektiv på hur kapitalet fungerar än i den första boken.
Denna tredje upplaga av andra boken har försetts med en klargörande inledning av den brittiske kulturgeografen och samhällsteoretikern David Harvey, som skrivit flera uppmärksammade verk om kapitalismens utveckling och handledningar till både första och andra boken av Kapitalet.

"Om den flitigt studerade första boken överbetonas och den andra boken försummas och uppfattas som mindre viktig, vilket tyvärr inte sällan är fallet, får vi i bästa fall bara halva bilden av Marx' förståelse av kapitalets politiska ekonomi. Men det är i själva verket mycket värre än så att inte ta den andra boken på allvar: vi kan då inte till fullo förstå vad som sägs i den första boken, eftersom vi måste sätta dess resultat i dialektiskt förhållande till den andra bokens resultat för att begripa dem ordentligt."
Ur David Harveys inledning8c:T87c,

Marx for the twenty-first century
The first new English translation in fifty years—and the only one based on the last German edition revised by Marx himself
Featuring extensive original commentary, including a foreword by acclaimed political theorist Wendy Brown
“An astounding achievement.”—China Miéville, author of October: The Story of the Russian Revolution

Karl Marx (1818–1883) was living in exile in England when he embarked on an ambitious, multivolume critique of the capitalist system of production. Though only the first volume saw publication in Marx’s lifetime, it would become one of the most consequential books in history. This magnificent new edition of Capital is a translation of Marx for the twenty-first century. It is the first translation into English to be based on the last German edition revised by Marx himself, the only version that can be called authoritative, and it features extensive commentary and annotations by Paul North and Paul Reitter that draw on the latest scholarship and provide invaluable perspective on the book and its complicated legacy. At once precise and boldly readable, this translation captures the momentous scale and sweep of Marx’s thought while recovering the elegance and humor of the original source.

For Marx, our global economic system is relentlessly driven by “value”—to produce it, capture it, trade it, and, most of all, to increase it. Lifespans are shortened under the demand for ever-greater value. Days are lengthened, work is intensified, and the division of labor deepens until it leaves two classes, owners and workers, in constant struggle for life and livelihood. In Capital, Marx reveals how value came to tyrannize our world, and how the history of capital is a chronicle of bloodshed, colonization, and enslavement.

With a foreword by Wendy Brown and an afterword by William Clare Roberts, this is a critical edition of Capital for our time, one that faithfully preserves the vitality and directness of Marx’s German prose and renders his ideas newly relevant to modern readers.

8d:Te14,Förord Denna utgåva innehåller två texter av Karl Marx, Lönearbete och kapital och Lön, pris och profit. Dessa texter brukar oftast utges i form av separata häften, men kan lika gärna utges i en och samma bok, eftersom Marx tänkande bildar en kontinuitet. I Lönearbete och kapital, som bygger på en serie föredrag som Marx höll i den tyska arbetarföreningen i Bryssel 1847, har Marx visserligen ännu inte fullkomnat sin ekonomiska analys och begreppsapparat. Det är därför som Friedrich Engels i utgåvan från 1891 genomförde vissa korrigeringar av begreppsapparaten för att bringa den mer i överensstämmelse med den mogne Marx ekonomiska teorier. De huvudfrågor som behandlas i denna text är fenomen och begrepp som arbete, arbetskraft och hur arbetskraften fungerar som vara. Arbetsvärdesteorin, som skiljer på arbete och arbetskraft, introduceras. Marx definierar begreppet vara och diskuterar hur tillgång och efterfråga kan påverka vissa varors prissättning. Marx avrundar sin text genom att visa att kapitalets enda syfte – och därmed kapitalisternas – är att förmera sig självt, vilket i sin förlängning leder till en proletarisering och ständigt återkommande kriser, i grund och botten olösliga inom systemet. Lönearbete och kapital kan betraktas som en förstudie till Kapitalet, hållen i en enkel och lättfattlig form. Det är ingen tillfällighet att skriften har översatts till många språk och fått stor spridning. Lön, pris och profit bygger på en serie föredrag som Karl Marx höll inför Workingmen´s International Association 1865, det vill säga året före publiceringen av Kapitalet. Skriften gavs ut av hans dotter Eleanor Marx Aveling 1898. Lön, pris och profit är framför allt en polemik riktad mot John Weston. Denne hade nämligen hävdat att en allmän höjning av arbetarnas löner alltid skulle ätas upp av prisstegringar och att fackföreningar, som bedrev lönekamp, därför till och med var skadliga. Detta argument används – märk väl! – än idag från borgerligt håll. I sin polemik visar Marx att kapitalisterna inte kan höja eller sänka priserna efter sitt eget gottfinnande utan att varorna säljs utifrån deras naturliga värde, som beror på det däri nedlagda arbetet och som dessutom är samhälleligt betingat. Mervärdet uppkommer genom att arbetarens lön endast motsvarar en del av arbetsdagen, den så kallade nödvändiga arbetstiden – resten är merarbetstid, som utgör grunden för profiten. Profiten och lönerna står i ett bestämt förhållande till varandra: Ju större löneandel, desto lägre profitandel och omvänt. Marx påvisar att arbetarna, trots att de är utlämnade åt varuprisernas svängningar och de cykliska kriserna, ändå kan och bör bedriva lönekamp. Kapitalisterna strävar nämligen alltid efter att hålla nere löneandelen. Marx skriver: ”Om de fegt gåve efter i sin dagliga konflikt med kapitalet, så skulle de sätta sig ur stånd att sätta igång en rörelse av större mått.” Samtidigt måste arbetarna och fackföreningarna vara medvetna om att det inte räcker med att bedriva lönekamp inom det kapitalistiska systemets ram: ”I stället för den konservativa parollen: ’En skäl arbetslön för en skälig arbetsdag’ borde de skriva på sin fana den revolutionära parollen: ’Lönesystemets avskaffande’. Målet för fackföreningarna, enligt Marx, måste vara att använda sina organiserade krafter för att befria arbetarklassen och slutgiltigt avskaffa löneslaveriet och kapitalismen. Oktoberförlagets redaktionskommitté8e:T528,Das Kapital, Karl Marx's seminal work, is the book that above all others formed the twentieth century. From Kapital sprung the economic and political systems that at one time dominated half the earth and for nearly a century kept the world on the brink of war. Even today, more than one billion Chinese citizens live under a regime that proclaims fealty to Marxist ideology. Yet this important tome has been passed over by many readers frustrated by Marx's difficult style and his preoccupation with nineteenth-century events of little relevance to today's reader. Here Serge Levitsky presents a revised version of Kapital, abridged to emphasize the political and philosophical core of Marx's work while trimming away much that is now unimportant. Pointing out Marx's many erroneous predictions about the development of capitalism, Levitsky's introduction nevertheless argues for Kapital's relevance as a prime example of a philosophy of economic determinism that "subordinates the problems of human freedom and human dignity to the issues of who should own the means of production and how wealth should be distributed." Here then is a fresh and highly readable version of a work whose ideas provided inspiration for communist regimes' ideological war against capitalism, a struggle that helped to shape the world today.3e:["$","$L80",null,{"state":{"mutations":[],"queries":[{"dehydratedAt":1793197559513,"state":{"data":{"pages":[{"requestId":"257a5dbd-1fa0-40ca-b0d5-f6d38ae857f6","total":{"value":96,"relation":"eq"},"rows":[{"entityType":"book","isbn":"9789171730251","id":139125,"score":2,"position":0,"book":{"id":139125,"isbn":"9789171730251","created":"2015-12-23T23:00:00.000Z","title":"Människans frigörelse","description":"

Boken innehåller följande texter: Förslag till skilsmässolag. Brev till Arnold Ruge. Om judefrågan. Utdrag ur De ekonomisk-filosofiska manuskripten. Teser om Feuerbach. Utdrag ur Den tyska filosofin. Utdrag ur Kommunistiska manifestet.

\"Urvalet tar inte bara upp de mest lysande sidorna i ungdomsskrifterna; här skisseras genom urvalet också en utveckling från ren unghegeliamism via en ståndpunkt nära Ludwig Feuerbachs till den fullt utvecklade historiematerialismen. Inför den nya utgåvan har varje text nagelfarits och i vissa fall grundligen ändrats. I mitt förord 1965 skrev jag att skrifterna skulle få Marx 'slentriansmässiga belackare att förvåna sig över vad han egentligen säger'. De orden kan upprepas idag.\" /Ur Sven-Eric Liedmans förord.

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Historikern och Aftonbladetskribenten Åsa Linderborg har skrivit ett nytt förord: Marxismen har räknats ut hur många gånger som helst men har en förmåga att alltid komma tillbaka. Som asatrons Särimner ungefär; den slaktas men återuppstår redan nästa dag. Så länge som klassamhället består kommer marxismen att vara aktuell. Klassorättvisorna fanns före marxismen och är dess förutsättning. Därför är det trots allt inte någon fara att rycka lite i lärften på kommunismens spöke. Den går inte sönder i första taget; slitstarkare tyg har historien förmodligen aldrig vävt. 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'A groundbreaking work of economic analysis. It is also a literary masterpice' Francis Wheen, Guardian

One of the most notorious and influential works of modern times, Capital is an incisive critique of private property and the social relations it generates. Living in exile in England, where this work was largely written, Marx drew on a wide-ranging knowledge of its society to support his analysis. Arguing that capitalism would cause an ever-increasing division in wealth and welfare, he predicted its abolition and replacement by a system with common ownership of the means of production. Capital rapidly acquired readership throughout the world, to become a work described by Marx's collaborator Friedrich Engels as 'the Bible of the working class'.

Translated by BEN FOWKES with an Introduction by ERNEST MANDEL

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Here, Marx asserts controversially that - regardless of the efforts of individual capitalists, public authorities or even generous philanthropists - any market economy is inevitably doomed to endure a series of worsening, explosive crises leading finally to complete collapse. 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'The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.'

Marx and Engels's revolutionary summons to the working classes - one of the most important and influential political theories ever formulated.

Introducing Little Black Classics: 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th-century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions.

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). Marx's works available in Penguin Classics are Capital, Dispatches for the New York Tribune, Early Writings, Grundrisse, The Portable Karl Marx and Revolution and War.

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