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In the economic atmosphere following the crisis of 2008, not only have governments reacted by creating more complex policy initiatives, but they have also promised that all of these initiatives will be evaluated. Due to the complexity of many of the initiatives, the ways of evaluating are becoming equally complex.

The book begins with a theoretical and conceptual explanation of the process and shows how this translates into the practice of evaluation. The chapters cover a wide variety of subjects, such as poverty, homelessness, smoking prevention, HIV/AIDS, and child labor. The use of case studies sheds light on the conceptual ideas at work in organizations addressing some of the world's largest and most varied problems.

The evaluation process seeks a balance between order and chaos. The interaction of four elements—simplicity, inventiveness, flexibility, and specificity—allows complex patterns to emerge. The case studies illustrate this framework and provide a number of examples of practical management of complexity, in light of contingency theories of the evaluation process itself. These theories in turn match the complexity of evaluated policies, strategies, and programs. The evaluation process is examined for its impact on policy outcomes and choices.

83:Tcbb,

Den här boken handlar om att närma sig det kinesiska tuschmåleriet och den närmar sig tuschmålning från två håll. För det första genom att skildra dess bakgrund, berätta om några konstnärer och reflektera över bilder de målat. Genom att kunna något mera om historien bakom bilderna blir det lättare att roas och inspireras av dem. För det andra handlar boken om att måla; vad man behöver för material och hur man kan välja rätt bland det stora utbudet av penslar, papper, mm. Tusch skiljer sig från att måla med vattenfärger och jag ger exempel på motiv, komposition, och effekter. Det är inte en handbok i att måla, utan mera diskussion och reflektion över mina egna erfarenheter.

Titeln anger att det handlar om idé, historia och praktik. Boken är indelad i sju kapitel, varav två handlar om idé, två handlar om historia och två handlar om praktik. Det avslutande sjunde kapitlet handlar om hur det landskapsmåleriet spridits utanför Kina.

Kapitel 1 tar upp frågan om att läsa bilder, dvs. om att förstå vad det är konstnärerna uttrycker, symbolerna i bilderna, hur kvalitet uppfattas och vad som gör en bild bra. Kapitel 6 handlar om politik - om konstnärernas tankar och erfarenheter av makt, resurser och samhällets utveckling. De kinesiska konstnärerna har ofta förhållit sig till dagsaktuell politik. Genom konsten har de kritiserat maktens innehavare, tagit personlig ställning i konflikter, uttryckt en vilja till förändring, uppmanat betraktarna till revolt. Ibland är det svårt att se sådana budskap i bilderna, kapitlet ger en inledning till att förstå det politiska i landskapen. Detta är de två kapitlen om konstens idé.

Kapitel 2 och 3 har ett konsthistoriskt anslag. I kapitlen presenterats ett antal konstnärer; kapitel 2 har ett urval av sådana som varit verksamma från tidernas begynnelse och fram till 1900-talets början, och kapitel 3 några som fört traditionen vidare under 1900-talet och fram till idag. Det är korta presentationer av respektive konstnärs liv och analys av ett urval bilder. Detta är de två historiska kapitlen.

Kapitel 4 och 5 handlar om att måla. De material man använder; tusch, penslar, rivsten och papper, har en lång kulturhistoria. De är konstföremål i sin egen kraft och de har förfinats genom utsökt hantverk under århundraden, för att inte säga årtusenden. Föremålen presenteras i kapitel 4; hur man går till väga när man använder dem skildras i kapitel 5. Detta är de två praktiskt inriktade kapitlen.

Det avslutande kapitlet, nummer 7, handlar om hur den kinesiska konsten upptäckts, tagits emot och inspirerat konstnärer i andra länder. Traditionen att måla landskap i tusch är levande och stark i Kina, Korea och Japan, och även i den kinesiska kulturens diaspora. Kapitlet handlar om hur konstnärer ur en annan tradition av bildskapande har anammat tuschmålning. Ibland är det material och metoder, ibland idé och filosofi, ibland lite av varje. De konstnärer som presenteras i kapitlet är några exempel på sådana som närmat sig den kinesiska traditionen och berikats genom det – och berikat oss andra med sina verk.

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