Internal combustion engine handbook : basics, components, systems, and perspectives

1. Historical review -- 2. Definition and classification of reciprocating piston engines -- 2.1. Definitions -- 2.2. Potentials for classification -- 3. Characteristics -- 3.1. Piston displacement and bore-to-stroke ratio -- 3.2. Compression ratio -- 3.3. Rotational speed and piston speed -- 3.4. Torque and power -- 3.5. Fuel consumption -- 3.6. Gas work and mean pressure -- 3.7. Efficiency -- 3.8. Air throughput and cylinder charge -- 3.9. Air-fuel ration -- 4. Maps -- 4.1. Consumption maps -- 4.2. Emission maps -- 4.3. Ignition and injection maps -- 4.4. Exhaust gas temperature maps -- 5. Thermodynamic fundamentals -- 5.1. Cyclical processes -- 5.2. Comparative processes -- 5.3. Open comparative processes -- 5.4. Efficiency -- 5.5. Energy balance in the engine -- 6. Crank gears -- 6.1. Crankshaft drive -- 6.2. Rotational oscillations -- 7. Engine components -- 7.1. Pistons/wristpins/wristpin circlips -- 7.2. Connecting rod -- 7.3. Piston rings -- 7.4. Engine block -- 7.5. Cylinders -- 7.6. Oil pan -- 7.7. Crankcase venting -- 7.8. Cylinder head -- 7.9. Crankshafts -- 7.10. Valve train components -- 7.11. Valves -- 7.12. Valve springs -- 7.13. Valve seat inserts -- 7.14. Valve guides -- 7.15. Oil pump -- 7.16. Camshaft -- 7.17. Chain drive -- 7.18. Belt drives -- 7.19. Bearings in internal combustion engines -- 7.20. Intake systems -- 7.21. Sealing systems -- 7.22. Threaded connectors at the engine -- 7.23. Exhaust manifold -- 7.24. Control mechanisms for two-stoke cycle engines -- 8. Lubrication -- 8.1. Tribological principles -- 8.2. Lubrication system -- 9. Friction -- 9.1. Parameters -- 9.2. Friction states -- 9.3. Methods of measuring friction -- 9.4. Influence of the operating state and the boundary conditions -- 9.5. Influence of friction on the fuel consumption -- 9.6. Friction behavior of internal combustion engines already built -- 10. Charge cycle -- 10.1. Gas exchange devices in four-stroke engines -- 10.2. Calculating charge cycles -- 10.3. The charge cycle in two-stroke engines -- 10.4. Variable valve actuation -- 10.5. Pulse charges and load control of reciprocating piston engines using an air stroke valve -- 11. Supercharging of internal combustion engines -- 11.1. Mechanical supercharging -- 11.2. Exhaust gas turbocharging -- 11.3. Intercooling -- 11.4. Interaction of engine and compressor -- 11.5. Dynamic behavior -- 11.6. Additional measures for supercharged internal combustion engines -- 12. Mixture formation and related systems -- 12.1. Internal mixture formation -- 12.2. External mixture formation -- 12.3. Mixture formation using carburetors -- 12.4. Mixture formation by means of gasoline injection -- 12.5. Mixture formation in diesel engines -- 13. Ignition -- 13.1. Spark-ignition engine -- 13.2. Spark plugs -- 13.3. Diesel engines -- 14. Combustion -- 14.1. Principles -- 14.2. Combustion in SI engines -- 14.3. Combustion in diesel engines -- 14.4 Heat transfer -- 15. Combustion systems -- 15.1. Combustion systems for diesel engines -- 15.2. Spark-injection engines -- 15.3 Two-stroke diesel engines -- 15.4. Two-stroke SI engines -- 16. Electronics and mechanics for engine management and transmission shift control -- 16.1. Environmental demands -- 16.2. Stand-alone products (separate devices) -- 16.3. Connecting approaches -- 16.4. Integrated products (MTM = mechatronic transmission module) -- 16.5. Electronic design, structures, and components -- 16.6. Electronics in the electronic control unit -- 16.7. Software structures -- 16.8. Torque-based functional structure for engine management -- 16.9. Functions -- 17. The powertrain -- 17.1. Powertrain architecture -- 17.2. The motor-vehicle's longitudinal dynamics -- 17.3. Transmission types -- 17.4. Power level and signal processing level -- 17.5. Transmission management -- 17.6. Integrated powertrain management (IPM) -- 17.7. The integrated starter-motor/alternator (ISG) -- 18. Sensors -- 18.1. Temperature sensors -- 18.2. Knock sensors -- 18.3. Exhaust gas sensors -- 18.4. Pressure sensors -- 18.5. Air mass sensors -- 18.6. Speed sensors -- 19. Actuators -- 19.1. Drives for charge controllers -- 19.2. Throttle valve actuators -- 19.3. Swirl and tumble plates -- 19.4. Exhaust gas recirculation valves -- 19.5. Evaporative emissions components -- 20. Cooling of internal combustion engines -- 20.1. General -- 20.2. Demands on the cooling system -- 20.3. Principles for calculation and simulation tools -- 20.4. Engine cooling subsystems -- 20.5. Cooling modules -- 20.6. Overall engine cooling system -- 21. Exhaust emissions -- 21.1. Legal regulations -- 21.2. Measuring exhaust emissions -- 21.3. Pollutants and their origins -- 21.4. Reducing pollutants -- 21.5. Exhaust gas treatment for spark-ignition engines -- 21.6. Exhaust treatment in diesel engines -- 22. Operating fluids -- 22.1. Fuels -- 22.2. Lubricants -- 22.3. Coolant -- 23. Filtration of operating fluids -- 23.1. Air filter -- 23.2. Fuel filters -- 23.3. Engine-oil filtration -- 24. Calculation and simulation -- 24.1. Strength and vibration calculation -- 24.2. Flow calculation -- 25. Combustion diagnostics -- 25.1. Discussion -- 25.2. Indicating -- 25.3. Visualization -- 26. Fuel consumption -- 26.1. General influencing factors -- 26.2. Engine modifications -- 26.3. Transmission ratios -- 26.4. Driver behavior -- 26.5. CO2 emissions -- 27. Noise emissions -- 27.1. Basic physical principles and terms -- 27.2. Legal provisions concerning emitted noise -- 27.3. Sources of emitted noise -- 27.4. Emitted noise-reduction provisions -- 27.5. Engine noise in the vehicle interior -- 27.6. Acoustic guidelines for the engine designer -- 27.7. Measuring and analytical methods -- 27.8. Psychoacoustics -- 27.9. Sound engineering -- 27.10. Simulation tools -- 27.11. Antinoise systems : noise reduction using antinoise -- 28. Alternative propulsion systems -- 28.1. The rationales for alternatives -- 28.2. The Wankel engine -- 28.3. Electric propulsion -- 28.4. Hybrid propulsion system -- 28.5. The Stirling engine -- 28.6. Gas turbines -- 28.7. The steam motor -- 28.8. The fuel cell s a vehicle propulsion system -- 28.9. Summary -- 29. Outlook.