Relevance regained : from top-down control to bottom-up empowerment

Building on his pathbreaking, award-winning bestseller, Relevance Lost, H. Thomas Johnson presents a devastating critique of the top-down hierarchical accounting systems that have dominated American corporations since the 1950s. Johnson shows exactly how "managing by remote control" through results-oriented accounting information has obscured and obstructed the real business objective: to reduce process variation and lead times for the purpose of obtaining and keeping satisfied customers. The failure of most American businesses to be competitive and profitable in recent years, he contends, is their reliance on management accounting information to control people's actions and productivity. Cost-focused imperatives from on high must be replaced, Johnson asserts, with information systems that link actions with imperatives of global competition. Past practices of manipulating processes to achieve accounting cost targets dictated by "top-down" command and control information must be replaced by "bottom-up" empowerment. Self-managing work teams, according to Johnson, must own problem-solving information to reduce variation, delays, and excess in processes. Johnson prescribes the necessary changes in management principles that must replace the outdated style associated with the industrial revolution. Responsiveness to customers -- not accounting costs -- and flexibility -- reducing lead times and removing constraints -- are necessary for sustained competitive excellence and long-term profitability. Johnson discusses the radical overhauls of companies, such as General Electric's work-outs/ "best practices" program, Eastman Kodak's process control costing, and Harley-Davidson's work simplification programs, and shows how these strong commitments to new strategies maximize a company's most important assets: people and time. To be globally competitive, he claims, a company's work must be directed toward selling to customers, not just selling products. Transaction- or product-oriented companies, according to Johnson, ultimately will lose out to responsive, customer-oriented ones.